Close to home: bundled consumption, relatedness, and urban resilience in Seoul
利用2019至2023年首尔的信用卡交易和店铺位置数据，从需求侧构建基于关联性的共同消费指标，研究捆绑消费（即重复共同使用同一集群内的设施）如何塑造城市韧性，发现捆绑消费集中在居住地附近，但在疫情期间减弱，2023年部分恢复。
Abstract This study examines how bundled consumption, defined as repeated co-use of amenities within clusters, shapes urban resilience based on empirical evidence from Seoul between 2019 and 2023. Using credit card transactions and shop locations, we extend economic complexity methods to the demand side by constructing a relatedness-based measure of co-consumption. Results show that bundled use is concentrated near residences, especially within 0–2 km but weakened during COVID-19 before partially recovering in 2023. These patterns highlight how crises disrupt the infrastructural routines of everyday consumption. The findings provide a behavioural lens on urban resilience and inform planning for sustainable, proximity-based cities.