Belgian financial elites and destructive entrepreneurship in King Leopold's Congo free state
研究比利时金融精英在刚果自由邦的作用，通过分析企业董事关联发现，比利时金融巨头从一开始就深度参与大型刚果项目，而非少数投机者所为。
Abstract This study investigates the role of financial elites in the Congo Free State (CFS). An analysis of director interlocks between firms operating in the CFS and Belgian banks listed on the Brussels Stock Exchange (BSE) reveals that the Belgian financial establishment was a crucial contributor to large, capital‐intensive CFS ventures from the start, contradicting the idea that business in the CFS was driven by a few rogue financiers. Whilst the number of CFS firms was small and their economic importance was limited, almost all the large financial firms, including the Société Générale de Belgique, had two or more CFS firm directors on their board. Financial firms were much more involved in large CFS ventures than in other similar Belgian firms operating abroad.