Rebuilding after disaster in Haiti: effects of expecting external, diaspora, and local support
研究海地地震和飓风后房主对支持来源的期望如何影响韧性重建，发现期待地方社区支持促进重建，而外部资金支持则无此效果。
• Expectations of financial support from neither the state/NGOs nor diaspora remittances promote more resilient rebuilding. • Expectations of local community support promote more resilient rebuilding, as does diversification of sources of support. • The positive effects of expecting local community and diversified support were observed after earthquakes, not hurricanes. • No one-size-fits-all policy exists for building back better.Support programs must be tailored to different disaster types. • Development actors can encourage resilient rebuilding by leveraging existing mutual aid systems, especially post-earthquake. Communities throughout the world face escalating risks from hurricanes, earthquakes, many of which are intensified by climate change. Global housing stocks are disproportionately vulnerable to these risks, with losses that can permanently reverse decades of development. The ideal disaster risk reduction strategy, in which homeowners “build better before” disaster strikes, has proven challenging, making efforts to “build back better” after disasters more pragmatic, though still difficult. We examine how homeowner expectations of support shape resilient rebuilding after disasters and how their actions vary after earthquakes and hurricanes in one of the most challenging post-disaster contexts, Haiti. Using novel survey data from homeowners in two comparable cities, Léogâne and Les Cayes, we analyze how variation in expectations surrounding sources of support for post-disaster rebuilding and their diversification shapes homeowners’ reconstruction decisions after the 2010 earthquake and Hurricane Matthew in 2016. We show that expectation of local community support promotes resilient rebuilding, whereas expectations of external financial support from government agencies and nongovernmental organizations, and diaspora remittances, do not. Moreover, our results indicate that diversifying support for post-disaster rebuilding across multiple sources also encourages efforts to build back better. However, these findings hold for rebuilding only after earthquakes, not hurricanes, highlighting the unique vulnerabilities of recurring hazards. Our findings challenge arguments that aid expectations create a “chilling effect” and suggest that humanitarian-stage messaging tailored to the unique dynamics of each hazard can speed resilient rebuilding and that limited assistance funds can be better invested by reinforcing existing systems of mutual aid.