Uneven gains: understanding LOF and multiculturalism impacts for immigrant and native-founded firms
研究多元文化特征（联合创始人国籍、语言使用、行业全球化）如何缓冲移民创办企业的外来者劣势，但对本土创办企业有不同甚至不对称的影响，基于美国人口普查数据。
Abstract Liabilities of foreignness (LOF) are salient for immigrant entrepreneurs as they establish ventures in institutional environments that may differ from that of their previous experiences. Integrating institutional theory with the knowledge-based view, we theorize and test how the multicultural features of co-founder nationality, language usage, and industry globalization may buffer LOF for immigrant-founded ventures but have distinct and even asymmetric effects for ventures with native-lead founders. Using data from the US Census Bureau’s Survey of Business Owners, we compare ventures with immigrant-lead founders and native-lead founders and find that these multicultural features are associated with higher immigrant venture performance; however, the presence of immigrant co-founders appears to extend LOF to ventures with native-lead founders, yet multilingual operations are associated with higher performance for native-founded ventures. Our findings reveal that multicultural attributes have context-dependent effects, shaping how LOF is experienced and mitigated across founder types and venture contexts.