How Equality Created Poverty in Preindustrial Japan, 1600–1870
发现，尽管前工业化日本（1600-1868）经济制度发达，但实际工资极低，约为英国的一半。作者通过马尔萨斯模型和日本村庄人口普查数据证明，土地所有权更平等反而导致更低工资和人均GDP，这可能解释了日本未能率先工业化。
Despite well-developed economic institutions, premodern Japan, 1600–1868, had among the lowest real wages according to available estimates, around half those in preindustrial England. However, many Japanese peasants owned land, unlike their mostly landless English counterparts, due to institutional differences in land inheritance. Using a Malthusian model, I show that this greater landownership equality paradoxically led to Japan's lower wages and GDP per capita. Evidence from Japanese village censuses supports the mechanism. If, as many historians believe, high wages in Western Europe spurred industrialization, Japan's failure to industrialize first could have been shaped by its unusual preindustrial equality.