Beyond dismantling: Institutional hardball tactics and the policy process under democratic backsliding
基于制度硬球框架，本文提出五种硬球策略，解释非自由民粹领袖如何在民主倒退中重塑政策过程，并通过多国案例揭示这些策略如何侵蚀政策韧性。
Based on the Institutional Hardball Framework (IHF), this article introduces five hardball tactics to explain how illiberal populist leaders reshape policy processes amid democratic backsliding. Departing from traditional theories of policy change—grounded in assumptions of liberal democracy, institutional stability, and pluralism—the IHF conceptualizes institutional hardball as the strategic weakening, circumvention, or instrumentalization of democratic constraints to advance political agendas. Illiberal populist leaders’ strategy of institutional hardball directly affects the administrative state, especially the bureaucracy, which places constraints on power as part of its professional duty. Drawing on comparative case studies from Brazil, Hungary, Mexico, the Philippines, Poland, Turkey, and the United States, the article develops a typology of five hardball tactics: normative, administrative, deliberative, symbolic, and judicial. These tactics erode core mechanisms of policy resilience, thereby enabling policy dismantling, paralysis, and scapegoating. The article contributes to the literature by offering a systematic and operational framework to analyze policy processes under conditions of democratic backsliding and asymmetric polarization.