It is not just about the price: Matching subsidies fail when the ask can be avoided
实验发现，匹配补贴只有在无法避免捐赠请求时才能增加捐款，否则失效，揭示了其可能带来的福利损失。
Abstract Economists usually endorse the efficacy of price mechanisms, such as matching subsidies, to foster philanthropic contributions. Our experiments, however, show that the match only increases donations when avoiding the ask is not possible. Our data are consistent with a behavioural hypothesis of a “norm-signalling mechanism,” positing that a match increases the psychological cost of deviating from the norm of giving but only when the ask cannot be avoided. We show that indeed, giving zero, but not avoiding the ask, is perceived as less socially desirable under a match. Our findings highlight the possible limits and potential welfare losses of matching subsidies.