The corporation from the Middle Ages to intellectual monopoly capitalism
追溯现代商业公司从中世纪特许公司演变而来的历史，指出法律多元主义被法律与经济学取代后，公司的混合本质被忽视；在知识垄断资本主义下，公司垄断知识、外包生产、与金融和地缘政治交织，形成技术封建主义，背离了中世纪开放科学的传统。
Abstract The modern business corporation emerged from the medieval and chartered corporations. The medieval tradition of legal pluralism was replaced by two ‘pure’ disciplines – Law and Economics – that left no conceptual space to understand its hybrid nature, decentralizing law-making and centralizing market transactions, or to frame its person-thing duality. Under intellectual monopoly capitalism, this hybrid nature has degenerated: corporations have monopolized knowledge, outsourced production to dependent peripheral firms, and become deeply intertwined with financial markets and geopolitical rivalries – lending substance to notions of techno-feudalism, while marking a profound break with the medieval tradition of open science that first made competitive markets possible.