Organizational learning in innovation-oriented public–private partnerships: A multilevel perspective
构建了一个多层次框架，解释政府作为合作者和制度制定者如何通过三种治理机制（可占有性激励、治理工具约束、信息可信度）影响企业在公私伙伴关系中的学习行为，并探讨了知识多样性、知识重叠和制度质量等调节因素。
Innovation-oriented public–private partnerships are central to collaborative innovation, yet we know little about how governmental involvement reshapes firms’ organizational learning. This article develops a multilevel framework explaining how governments—as collaborators and institutional rule makers—shape firms’ learning behavior. We argue that governmental participation operates through three governance mechanisms: changes in appropriability incentives, constraints on feasible governance instruments, and information credibility. These mechanisms shape learning across organizational, interorganizational, and population levels. Governments shift firms toward exploitation within public–private partnership domains while encouraging exploration beyond them, favor knowledge accessing over acquisition, and strengthen complementarities between experiential and vicarious learning. These effects are moderated by knowledge diversity, public–private knowledge overlap, and institutional quality. By integrating organizational learning with governance perspectives, this study explains how public institutions systematically configure firms’ learning in collaborative innovation.