Rural Penalty in Morbidity: Cause-Specific Morbidity among Working-Class Men and Women in Early Twentieth Century Sweden
利用1912-1914年瑞典全国健康保险数据，发现传染病在更常见的农村地区导致了发病率差距，而城市因生育率较低和更安全的工作环境享有更少的疾病发作，表明城市在流行病学转型中领先。
Abstract This paper uses data from a nationwide Swedish health insurance society (1912–1914) to explore how gendered rural and urban living conditions shaped morbidity during a period characterized by the epidemiological transition and an urban penalty in mortality. Infectious diseases were more common in rural areas, driving the urban–rural morbidity gap. Urban regions experienced less sickness episodes due to lower fertility and pregnancy-related illnesses among women and safer workplaces for men. The findings suggest that urban areas led the epidemiological transition, with urban populations benefiting from more favorable living conditions, while rural populations experienced a rural penalty in morbidity.