How NGOs facilitate value co-creation through multilevel and processual mechanisms: evidence from China
通过追踪中国垃圾焚烧风险治理中非政府组织的行动演变，揭示了其通过价值唤醒、共同设计等过程促进价值共创的多层次机制，为理解非政府组织在公共生态系统中的角色提供了可复制模型。
This study traces the evolution of nongovernmental organization (NGO) actions in China’s waste incineration risk governance through a longitudinal analysis of the Incineration Issue Strategic Group. Findings show that NGOs facilitate value co-creation (VCC) through continuous value awakening, co-design, co-production, co-experience, and co-construction. We propose multilevel and processual mechanisms: spatially, NGOs optimize actor networks and resource integration within public service ecosystems; temporally, they enable sustained co-creation through dynamic iterations. This study expands VCC phase models, clarifying the unique role of NGOs in facilitating VCC within public service ecosystems. It also provides a replicable model for NGO engagement under state-dominated regimes.