Regulated Competition in Health Insurance Markets on Two Sides of the Atlantic
比较德国、荷兰、瑞士与美国健康保险市场的受监管竞争模式，分析强制参保、保险公司营利导向和成本控制方式三大差异对市场运行的影响。
Many high-income countries implement their policy of universal health insurance by individual health insurance in combination with regulated competition among insurers. Supported by public intervention, regulated competition can, in principle, address market failures in health insurance and smooth out some inequities in the financial consequences of ill health and in the ability to pay for health insurance. We compare the national systems in Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland to the US Marketplaces, all of which use versions of regulated competition. While they show many similarities (for example, open enrollment, community-rated premiums with subsidies, comprehensive benefit package, risk adjustment), we focus on three major differences and their implications for market functioning: (1) mandatory and universal versus voluntary and partial (applying to only one sector of health insurance); (2) greater or lesser profit orientation of insurers; and (3) reliance on markets or regulation to contain costs.