The Third Wave of Globalization in Competition Policy: Uncertainty, Fragmentation and Institutional Experimentation
本文梳理了竞争政策全球化的三次浪潮，重点分析2010年代中期以来的第三次浪潮：各国不再追求趋同，而是通过制度实验应对不确定性和碎片化，并提出一个增强民主的框架来平衡合作与自主。
ABSTRACT This Article examines the globalization of competition policy through three waves. The first, led by the U.S. in the 1990s, embedded antitrust within the Washington Consensus, promoting worldwide diffusion of regimes, enforcement standards, and market‐liberalization principles. The second, in the 2000s, advanced harmonization and convergence through international networks, capacity‐building initiatives, and the promotion of “best practices” as global benchmarks. Since the mid‐2010s, a third wave has emerged as jurisdictions react to uncertainty, fragmentation, and institutional diversity by experimenting with alternative regulatory approaches, breaking with the earlier convergence trend. Rather than signaling a retreat from globalization, this phase reframes it as a decentralized, adaptive, and more politically contested process. We argue that the third wave marks a critical departure from prior models, opening space to reimagine global competition policy—but also heightening risks of fragmentation, geopolitical contestation, and hierarchical forms of rule export and subordination. To keep pluralism constructive, we propose a democracy‐enhancing framework that strengthens cooperation on transnational challenges while safeguarding national autonomy and fostering institutional diversity.