Structural change and spatial concentration of high-income earners: evidence from French regions since 1960
研究了1960至2019年间法国各地区高收入者的空间分布变化，发现其分散程度呈倒U型，早期因就业结构趋同而下降，2000年后因服务业集聚而上升。
Abstract This article shows that the spatial dispersion of high-income earners across French regions follows an inverted U-shape between 1960 and 2019. Dispersion declined from the early 1960s to around 2000, driven by strong regional convergence in employment structures: the fastest deindustrialization occurred in manufacturing-intensive regions, while laggard regions expanded both manufacturing and services. Since the early 2000s, dispersion has risen again as convergence in services stopped and high-skilled services increasingly clustered in large urban areas. High earners were initially over-represented in major cities and the industrial Northeast; today in major cities and Swiss-border regions.