Spillover effects of side-hustle time pressure on cyberloafing within full-time jobs in the hospitality industry
基于调节焦点理论，研究酒店员工副业时间压力如何通过希望和反刍两条路径影响全职工作中的网络闲逛行为，并发现时间管理技能起调节作用。
Drawing on regulatory focus theory, this research examines how side-hustle time pressure spills over to affect cyberloafing in hospitality employees’ full-time jobs. Through a field experiment, a scenario experiment, and a three-wave field survey, we develop and test a dual-pathway model. Findings reveal that side-hustle time pressure simultaneously triggers two opposing mechanisms. It fosters promotion-focused hope (decreasing cyberloafing) while also eliciting prevention-focused affective rumination (increasing cyberloafing). Time-management skills emerge as a moderator, amplifying the hope pathway for skilled individuals while intensifying the rumination pathway for those less skilled. This study advances the understanding of side hustles and time pressure in the hospitality field. It also offers actionable insights for hospitality managers and platform designers seeking to reduce the negative spillover of side-hustle time pressure.