An axiomatic approach to the measurement of inequality of opportunity
提出三组公理来测度机会不平等，分别对应基本要求、事前视角（关注不同环境个体间的不平等）和事后视角（关注相同责任特征个体间的不平等），并据此刻画了事前和事后两类测度，同时评估了现有测度对公理的符合程度。
Abstract We formulate three sets of axioms to measure inequality of opportunity. First, the basic axioms that any relative measure should satisfy. Second, axioms that capture the ex ante perspective, focusing on inequality between individuals with different circumstances. Third, axioms that capture the ex post perspective, focusing on inequality among individuals with the same responsibility characteristics. Based on these axioms, we characterize the ex ante and ex post classes of inequality of opportunity measures. We also discuss how well existing measures in the literature adhere to the axioms.