Enterprising Africans: The expanding economy and institutional barriers in colonial Kenya
研究了殖民时期肯尼亚非洲人在正式经济中的小规模创业活动，发现尽管正式许可的企业很少，但非正规经济中创业活跃，且1940年代末合作社的兴起促进了创业。
Building on the extensive literature on colonial rural capitalism, particularly characteristic of Western Africa, this paper examines African small-scale entrepreneurship within a more diversified yet simultaneously more discriminative economy of Kenya. It contributes to the relatively scarce literature on historical African entrepreneurship by investigating different forms of formal sector entrepreneurial activities and reveals how colonial institutional constraints on some activities and the encouragement of others guided the economic activities of entrepreneurs. Despite relatively few African licensed traders and companies, it finds no evidence of a lack of African entrepreneurship, as many small-scale operations were viable in the informal sector. The changing regulatory framework of the colony also enabled the setting up of cooperative enterprises from the late 1940s. This resulted in the proliferation of cooperative societies, which have received less attention in the literature on entrepreneurship.