Closing Gender Gaps Through Workplace Diversity: The Intergenerational Effects of World War I
利用第一次世界大战期间美国联邦政府女性雇员激增的准自然实验，发现接触女性同事的男性公务员，其女儿未来更可能工作，且缩小了12%的性别收入差距，这种影响还扩展到私人部门。
Abstract This article combines personnel records of the U.S. government with census data to study how exposure to greater female representation at work can persistently reduce intergenerational gender gaps in labour market outcomes. Exploiting city-by-department variation in the sudden expansion of female employment during World War I, we find that daughters of civil servants exposed to female co-workers are more likely to work later in life. This intergenerational effect operates through exposed fathers and extends beyond the public sector, reducing the earnings gap by 12%. Consistent with a broader shift in attitudes towards working women, exposure to female co-workers also made male civil servants more likely to marry working women. We show that cities exposed to larger increases in female federal workers saw persistently higher female labour force participation in both the public and the private sector. Increasing gender representation within the public sector can thus have broader labour market implications.