Retirement and the mental health of the self-employed
研究退休对自雇者心理健康的影响，发现自雇者退休后抑郁症状增加且持续，可能解释为何许多自雇者延迟退休。
Does retirement improve or worsen the mental health of the self-employed? This article proposes that greater risk and uncertainty in entrepreneurship relative to paid employment engenders behaviors that make the self-employed more vulnerable to a decline in mental health after retirement than employees. I test and find empirical support for these ideas using a panel of U.S. Health and Retirement Survey data. Moreover, the positive impact of retirement on depressive symptoms among the self-employed persists well into retirement. If workers can anticipate worse future mental health, this might explain the puzzle of why many self-employed continue to work well beyond conventional retirement ages, despite being wealthy enough to retire. I go on to explore implications for entrepreneurship researchers who study health and retirement, practitioners advising entrepreneurs, and policymakers grappling with challenges entailed by aging populations.