Workforce Development in the United States: Recent Trends and Evidence
梳理了美国公私部门劳动力发展的现状与证据，聚焦高校认证教育、公共培训及在职学习三大类项目，并比较了国际经验。
In this paper, I examine what we know and don’t know about both private and public workforce development in the United States. I highlight three of the most important categories of programs and policy: (i) workforce development in accredited higher education institutions, particularly community colleges; (ii) other publicly funded or private training and services, including “sectoral training” that targets specific high-demand sectors of the economy; and (iii) on-the-job or work-based learning, including apprenticeships. I summarize the theoretical literature on workforce development and a broad landscape of the three key categories. I synthesize the empirical literature on workforce development, beginning with comparisons of different data sources, outcome measures, and empirical methods used before reviewing the literature on estimated impacts in each of the three categories. I then consider the international evidence on workforce development and how public efforts differ between the United States and other industrial countries before concluding.