Constrained mobilities in conservative societies: Gender, religion, and nationality in female solo travel
通过对25名伊朗穆斯林女性的52次系列访谈，研究揭示了恐惧、道德监督、签证限制、酒店规定和经济压力如何共同制约女性独自旅行的决策，并分析了她们采取的应对策略。
For many Iranian Muslim women, the desire to travel alone is accompanied by fear, moral scrutiny, and uncertainty about safety, reputation, and legitimacy. Drawing on 52 serial interviews with 25 Iranian Muslim women with and without solo travel experience, this study examines how such constraints shape decisions to pursue or avoid solo travel. The findings show that fear, moral surveillance, restrictive visa regimes, hotel regulations, and financial precarity reinforce one another in everyday decision-making. Women respond through practices such as concealing trips, carrying gold as financial backup, or choosing domestic destinations. These patterns indicate that solo travel may be constrained even without explicit opposition. The analysis interprets these dynamics through constraints scholarship, using an intersectional perspective attentive to power.