Squaring the care trilemma through twofold dualization. Institutional change and diversity in Italy and Spain
本文分析意大利和西班牙的雇佣关系如何应对照护三难困境，发现尽管两国福利制度和集体谈判结构相似，但公共/私营部门及子部门间的二元分化持续存在，且工会和雇主组织的碎片化与外包实践加剧了这种分化。
This paper analyses the role of employment relations in squaring the care trilemma in Italy and Spain. These two countries exhibit similar welfare states and care models, characterised by familistic traditions alongside relatively strong industrial relations systems with encompassing, centralized collective bargaining structures. These institutions, which correlate strongly with labour power and good working conditions, haven’t precluded their deterioration in care provision, hence perpetuating a pattern of twofold dualization, where subsectoral differences between early childhood education and care (ECEC) and long-term care (LTC) services persist in addition to the longstanding public/private divide. Institutional and actor-based explanations should be considered when accounting for differences along the dualization axis. In particular, the fragmentation in trade unions and employer organisations, combined with outsourcing practices in the public sector, has contributed to maintaining the private/public divide in the two subsectors and countries. Finally, the article shows that, although both countries display a similar dualized pattern in addressing the care trilemma, the intensity of these divides varies between them.