Gender identity, overconfidence, and risk attitudes
研究性别认同与过度自信、投资风险承担的关系，发现非二元性别者过度自信和风险偏好显著低于男性和女性，源于更谦虚的自我知识评估而非实际知识差异。
Abstract We explore the relationship between gender identity, overconfidence, and investment risk‐taking behaviors. We quantify overconfidence as a discrepancy between an individual's perceived and actual financial knowledge, and our empirical analysis reveals significant differences in overconfidence levels across gender identities. Consumers who identify as nonbinary exhibit significantly lower levels of financial overconfidence compared to individuals identifying as either male or female. The lower levels of overconfidence are attributed to a more modest self‐assessment of financial knowledge rather than a difference in actual knowledge. Higher overconfidence is linked with a greater willingness to take on financial risks. Nonbinary individuals exhibit a considerably lower inclination to take risks in their investment decisions. While nonbinary individuals are more likely to experience mental health challenges, these do not explain the reduced levels of overconfidence and risk‐taking. Moreover, the nonbinary pattern is not a generic minority effect.