Innovation, Patenting and Appropriability: Survey Evidence from a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Firms
基于2008-2015年美国企业全国代表性调查，发现仅1.4%的企业获得专利，但这些企业占研发投资的87%；企业认为实用新型专利不如商业秘密、商标和版权重要；行业和规模与知识产权使用强相关，但企业年龄无关。
Abstract We document a series of stylized facts about how firms seek to protect the rents from innovation, using a large nationally representative survey of U.S. businesses over the period 2008-2015. Just 1.4 percent of firms obtain patents, but these patenting firms account for 87 percent of R&D investment. Firms consider utility patents less important than other forms of IP protection, like trade secrets, trademarks, and copyrights. Firm industry and size are strongly correlated with firms’ use of all types of intellectual property, but firm-age is not. Implications for innovation research and policy are discussed.