Quality Cycles and the Strategic Manipulation of Value
研究卖家在价格和数量可观察但质量事后才知时，如何通过操纵交易质量影响声誉，发现两种最优策略：收敛到正销量稳态或耗尽客户基础，并用美国可卡因市场数据解释了毒品市场价格分散现象。
We present a two-state, one-control model of a seller's decision about how good a “deal” to give customers when price and quantity are observable, but the customer does not observe quality until after committing to the transaction, so the quality of the bargain affects future demand only indirectly by influencing the reputation of the seller. This situation describes well the markets for many illicit drugs. Analysis reveals two optimal strategies: converging to a unique steady state with a positive sales volume or exploiting the initial customer base by selling cut-rate products until the seller's reputation is so bad that sales go to zero. Numerical analysis with parameters based on the U.S. cocaine market shows that there is a so-called Dechert-Nishimura-Skiba (DNS) curve in the state space, where the seller is indifferent between these two strategies. Convergence to the steady state with positive sales is oscillatory. Because different sellers may be at different phases of the oscillation at any given time, this oscillation implies that a population of homogenous sellers can generate dispersion in market prices—a phenomenon characteristic of drug markets that has been difficult to explain.